Guide Internationalisation E-commerce : Vendre à l'International

const countrySelectionMatrix = {
  evaluation_criteria: {
    market_size: {
      weight: 30,
      factor: 'GDP per capita x population'
    },
    ecommerce_maturity: {
      weight: 25,
      factor: 'Internet penetration, card adoption'
    },
    competition: {
      weight: 20,
      factor: 'Existing retailers in space'
    },
    logistics: {
      weight: 15,
      factor: 'Shipping costs, infrastructure'
    },
    regulatory: {
      weight: 10,
      factor: 'Compliance, taxes complexity'
    }
  },

  example_scores: {
    'Germany': 92,   // Large market, mature, logistics excellent
    'Spain': 85,     // Good market, EU logistics easy
    'Poland': 78,    // Growing market, lower saturation
    'Japan': 88,     // Very mature but competitive
    'US': 95,        // Largest but highly competitive'
    'Brazil': 72,    // Large but logistics challenging
  }
};

// Currency handling best practices
const multiCurrencySetup = {
  // Option 1: Stripe/Adyen auto-conversion
  payment_processor: {
    provider: 'Stripe Connect',
    currencies_supported: '135+',
    auto_conversion: 'Dynamic currency conversion available',
    fees: '+1-2% on conversion',
    benefit: 'Transparent, handles all complexity'
  },

  // Option 2: Manual currency management
  manual_approach: {
    primary_currency: 'EUR',
    display_currencies: {
      'DE': 'EUR',
      'UK': 'GBP',
      'US': 'USD',
      'JP': 'JPY'
    },
    exchange_rate_source: 'ECB (daily update)',
    rounding: 'Transparent rounding rules'
  },

  pricing_strategy: {
    identical_price_globally: {
      method: 'Same EUR price, convert to each currency',
      advantage: 'Simple, transparent, fair',
      disadvantage: 'Price varies with exchange rates'
    },

    anchored_pricing: {
      method: 'EUR base, fixed prices in key currencies',
      advantage: 'Control over local pricing',
      disadvantage: 'Need to adjust quarterly'
    },

    localized_pricing: {
      method: 'Different prices per country',
      advantage: 'Optimize by market capacity',
      disadvantage: 'Complex, can appear unfair'
    }
  }
};

// VAT & Tax Complexity
const taxManagement = {
  eu_vat: {
    rule: 'OSS (One-Stop-Shop) simplifies to single report',
    when_applies: 'If selling to consumers in 2+ EU countries',
    threshold: '€10k/quarter in EU B2C sales',
    action: 'Register for OSS, file quarterly returns',
    tools: 'TaxJar, Vertex, Avalara handle this'
  },

  uk_vat: {
    post_brexit: 'UK import duty + UK VAT apply',
    threshold: '£135 import exemption removed',
    solution: 'UK import partner (3PL + customs broker)'
  },

  us_sales_tax: {
    complexity: 'Each state has different rules',
    threshold: 'Varies, roughly $100k/year triggers',
    solution: 'Automated collection via platforms'
  }
};

const localizationStrategy = {
  // Level 1: Translation (minimum viable)
  translation: {
    scope: 'Product descriptions, checkout flow',
    approach: 'Machine (DeepL, Google) + human review',
    cost: '0,10-0,25€ per word',
    time: '2-4 weeks for full site'
  },

  // Level 2: Localization (recommended)
  localization: {
    includes_translation: true,
    plus: [
      'Currency & number formats',
      'Date/time formats (DD/MM vs MM/DD)',
      'Images culturally appropriate',
      'Colors meaningful (white=death in some cultures)',
      'Local payment methods',
      'Holidays & seasonal events'
    ],
    cost: '20-40% premium over translation',
    roi: '+15-25% conversions vs English only'
  },

  // Level 3: Transcreation (premium)
  transcreation: {
    approach: 'Adapt marketing message for culture',
    examples: [
      'US: "Save Big Now!" → FR: "Profitez sans culpabilité"',
      'DE: Premium quality focus vs UK: Value focus'
    ],
    cost: '100-300€ per marketing message',
    for_brands: 'Luxury, lifestyle, cultural-sensitive products'
  },

  tools: {
    platforms: 'Phrase, Lokalise, Crowdin',
    ai_translation: 'DeepL, Google Cloud, AWS Translate'
  }
};

const internationalShipping = {
  providers: {
    dhl: {
      coverage: '220 countries',
      speed: '2-4 days typical Europe',
      cost_sample_France_Germany: '8-15€',
      strengths: 'Reliable, tracking, B2B strong'
    },

    fedex: {
      coverage: '220 countries',
      speed: '3-5 days typical',
      cost: 'Premium pricing',
      strengths: 'US/Asia fast, handles customs'
    },

    colissimo_international: {
      coverage: '200+ countries',
      cost_europe: '6-12€',
      speed: '4-10 days',
      strengths: 'Low cost, La Poste in France'
    },

    amazon_mci: {
      coverage: 'Selected countries',
      advantage: 'Bundle with FBA',
      note: 'Very cost-effective at scale'
    }
  },

  customs: {
    complexity: 'Each country has different rules',
    solution: '3PL partner handles (DHL GlobalMail, etc)',
    duty_taxes: 'Buyer responsibility in most cases'
  }
};

const regionalPaymentMethods = {
  europe: {
    creditcard: '40%',           // Visa/Mastercard
    sepa: '35%',                 // Bank transfer
    paypal: '15%',               // Trusted worldwide
    klarna: '10%',               // Buy now pay later
    local: 'iDEAL (NL), Sofort (DE), Giropay'
  },

  uk: {
    creditcard: '45%',
    paypal: '20%',
    apple_pay: '15%',
    bank_transfer: '15%',
    klarna: '5%'
  },

  us: {
    creditcard: '65%',
    paypal: '20%',
    apple_pay: '10%',
    amazon_pay: '5%'
  },

  asia: {
    creditcard: '30%',
    local_wallet: '50%',         // WeChat (CN), Line Pay (JP)
    bank_transfer: '20%'
  }
};